what is an octave in poetry and why does it matter to poets?

An octave in poetry is a term that refers to a specific pattern of rhyming lines used in a sonnet, typically consisting of eight lines that form the first section or stanza of a poem. This structure is fundamental to the sonnet form, which has been a cornerstone of English literature for centuries. The octaves often set up the themes and tone of the entire poem, making them crucial for the poet’s narrative or argument. Let’s delve deeper into this poetic device.

In Shakespearean sonnets, the first eight lines (the octave) are traditionally written in iambic pentameter, creating a distinct rhythm and mood that precedes the more intense final six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme for the octave is usually ABBAABBA, which creates a balanced and harmonious opening to the poem. The poet can use various techniques within these eight lines to establish character, setting, or thematic elements that will be developed further in the sestet.

For instance, in Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18,” the octave paints a vivid picture of the subject being compared to summer, with its beauty and fleeting nature. The speaker uses imagery and metaphors to describe how the subject outshines the sun and summer flowers, setting the stage for the deeper emotional exploration that follows in the sestet. The octave here serves not only to introduce the subject but also to create a sense of contrast and anticipation for what is to come.

Another important aspect of the octave is its role in establishing the formality and complexity of the poem. By adhering to the strict structure of eight lines with a specific rhyme scheme, the poet demonstrates their skill and control over language. This formality is particularly evident in the works of John Donne, who frequently employs complex octaves to explore profound philosophical and religious ideas. In his “Holy Sonnet XVII,” Donne uses the octave to argue for the divine love that transcends human understanding, setting the stage for the more contemplative and spiritual exploration of the sestet.

Furthermore, the octave in poetry can serve as a bridge between different parts of the poem. It might transition from a more straightforward description to a more abstract or metaphorical exploration. For example, in William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” the octave describes the speaker’s initial surprise at finding a cluster of daffodils, while the sestet reflects on the lasting impact of this experience. The octave thus prepares the reader for the deeper emotional resonance that will follow in the sestet.

In conclusion, the octave is a vital component of the sonnet form, serving multiple purposes such as introducing themes, setting a tone, demonstrating poetic skill, and preparing readers for the more complex explorations that follow. Its significance extends beyond the sonnet itself, influencing other forms of poetry and contributing to the rich tradition of English literature.